Author by: Todor StanevLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 81Total Download: 586File Size: 48,7 MbDescription: Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy.
Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models. Author by: M.M. ShapiroLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 11Total Download: 713File Size: 43,9 MbDescription: The Galactic cosmic rays have far-reaching effects on the interstellar medium, and they are, in turn, profoundly affected by the particles and fields in space. Supernova remnants and their expanding shock fronts pervade the Galaxy, heating the interstellar medium, and accelerating the cosmic rays.
The interplay among the cosmic rays, the interstellar medium in which they propagate, and supernovae has been investigated for decades; yet these studies have generated as many enigmas as they have resolved. These puzzles continue to challenge observers and theorists alike. Th This volume is devoted to selected lectures presented in the 7 Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics in Erice, Italy in July-August, 1990. Alltogether, some 400 participants have attended the biennial sessions of this School since its inception in 1978. As its name implies, the School deals with cosmic-ray phenomena viewed in the broader context of astrophysics. Students and Lecturers are attracted from many astrophysical disciplines. Like earlier courses in this series, the present one was organized under the aegis of the Ettore Majorana Centre as a NATO Advanced Study Institute.
Given the diverse scientific backgrounds of the students, it was deemed useful to include lectures at the introductory level. Other lectures and contributed talks were at a more advanced level, featuring new developments. If this collection is useful pedagogically, and if it provides some stimulus and information for the mature research worker, then the editors will feel well rewarded.
Author by: P.K.F. GriederLanguage: enPublisher by: Gulf Professional PublishingFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 92Total Download: 548File Size: 48,9 MbDescription: In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered.
Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery. Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology.
Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals.
The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches. Author by: Lev I. DormanLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 32Total Download: 834File Size: 41,7 MbDescription: The present monograph as well as the next one (Dorman, M2005) is a result of more than 50 years working in cosmic ray (CR) research. After graduation in December 1950 Moscow Lomonosov State University (Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Division, the Team of Theoretical Physics), my supervisor Professor D.
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Blokhintsev planned for me, as a winner of a Red Diploma, to continue my education as an aspirant (a graduate student) to prepare for Ph. In his very secret Object in the framework of what was in those time called the Atomic Problem. To my regret the KGB withheld permission, and I, together with other Jewish students who had graduated Nuclear Divisions of Moscow and Leningrad Universities and Institutes, were faced with a real prospect of being without any work. It was our good fortune that at that time there was being brought into being the new Cosmic Ray Project (what at that time was also very secret, but not as secret as the Atomic Problem), and after some time we were directed to work on this Project. It was organized and headed by Prof. Vernov (President of All-Union Section of Cosmic Rays) and Prof.
Pushkov (Director of IZMIRAN); Prof. Feinberg headed the theoretical part of the Project. Author by: L.I. MiroshnichenkoLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 71Total Download: 167File Size: 55,7 MbDescription: It turned out to be really a rare and happy occasion that we know exact1y when and how a new branch of space physics was born, namely, a physics of solar cosmic rays. It happened on February 28 and March 7, 1942 when the fIrst 'cosmic ray bursts' were recorded on the Earth, and the Sun was unambiguously identifIed for the fIrst time as the source of high-velocity 10 particles with energies up to 10 eV.
Just due to such a high energy these relativistic particles have been called 'solar cosmic rays' (SCR), in distinction from the 'true' cosmic rays of galactic origin. Between 1942 and the beginning ofthe space era in 1957 only extremely high energy solar particle events could be occasionally recorded by cosmic ray ground-Ievel detectors and balloon borne sensors. Since then the detection techniques varied considerably and the study of SCR turned into essential part of solar and solar-terrestrial physics. Author by: J.W. BieberLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 77Total Download: 720File Size: 50,8 MbDescription: This book summarizes the results from the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth during the fifty years since the invention of the neutron monitor by John A.
Simpson in 1948. The properties of solar and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, such as Forbush decreases, modulations by solar and heliosphere parameters, the physical processes that govern them, and their connection to Space Weather, are reviewed. This interdisciplinary compilation provides links between cosmic ray physics, geophysics, terrestrial climate, and human activity and health. Author by: Reinhard SchlickeiserLanguage: enPublisher by: Springer Science & Business MediaFormat Available: PDF, ePub, MobiTotal Read: 62Total Download: 689File Size: 46,6 MbDescription: In the first part, the book gives an up-to-date summary of the observational data.
In the second part, it deals with the kinetic description of cosmic ray plasma. The underlying diffusion-convection transport equation, which governs the coupling between cosmic rays and the background plasma, is derived and analyzed in detail. In the third part, several applications of the solutions of the transport equation are presented and how key observations in cosmic ray physics can be accounted for is demonstrated.